Let the X–Y plane be the boundary between two transparent media. Medium 1 in z ≥ 0 has a refractive index of $\sqrt{2}$ and medium 2 with z < 0 has a refractive index of $\sqrt{3}$. A ray of light in medium 1 given by the vector $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}=6\sqrt{3}\widehat{\mathrm{i}}+8\sqrt{3}\widehat{\mathrm{j}}-10\widehat{\mathrm{k}}$ is incident on the plane of separation. The angle of refraction in medium 2 is :

A large glass slab (µ = 5/3) of thickness 8 cm is placed over a point source of light on a plane surface. It is seen that light emerges out of the top surface of the slab from a circular area of radius R cm. What is the value of R?          

A light ray traveling in glass medium is incident on glass-air interface at an angle of incidence θ. The reflected (R) and transmitted (T) intensities, both as function of θ, are plotted. The correct sketch is :

Most materials have the refractive index, n > 1. So, when a light ray from air enters a naturally occurring material, then by Shell’s law, $\frac{\sin {\mathrm{\theta }}_1}{\sin {\mathrm{\theta }}_2}=\frac{{\mathrm{n}}_2}{{\mathrm{n}}_1}$ , it is understood that the refracted ray bends towards the normal. But it never emerges on the same side of the normal as the incident ray. According to electromagnetism, the refractive index of the medium is given by the relation, $\mathrm{n}=\left(\frac{\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{v}}\right)=\pm \sqrt{{\mathrm{\epsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ , where c is the speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum, v its speed in the medium, er and mr are the relative  permittivity and permeability of the medium respectively.

In normal materials, both $\mathrm{\epsilon }$_r and µ_r are positive, implying positive n for the medium. When both $\mathrm{\epsilon }$_r and µ_r are negative, one must choose the negative root of n. Such negative refractive index materials can now be artificially prepared and are called meta-materials. They exhibit significantly different optical behavior, without violating any physical laws. Since n is negative, it results in a change in the direction of propagation of the refracted light. However, similar to normal materials, the frequency of light remains unchanged upon refraction even in meta-materials.

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