Evaporation is independent of
Rate of evaporation is dependent on surface area, humidity and temperature. Increase in surface area and temperature increases the rate of evaporation. Increase in humidity decreases the rate of evaporation. Pressure does not affect the evaporation.
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid turns into vapor below its boiling point. It occurs at the surface of the liquid when molecules gain enough kinetic energy to escape into the air.
Let's evaluate how each factor influences evaporation:
All the listed factors—pressure, surface area, humidity, and temperature—affect evaporation. However, the question asks for which one evaporation is independent of. Based on the analysis, none are truly independent; evaporation depends on all of them. But among the options, if we must choose, the least directly controlling factor in some contexts might be misinterpreted, but scientifically, all influence it.
Upon re-evaluation, the question might be tricking: evaporation is not independent of any; it depends on all. But historically, some might think pressure is less direct, but it is not.
Evaporation is not independent of any of these factors; it depends on pressure, surface area, humidity, and temperature. However, if the question implies a choice, it might be a trick, but correctly, none are independent.
Given the options, the intended answer might be "pressure" in some contexts, but it is inaccurate. Scientifically, all affect evaporation.
The rate of evaporation can be related to the vapor pressure difference. Clausius-Clapeyron equation approximates the vapor pressure at different temperatures:
where and are vapor pressures at temperatures and , is the enthalpy of vaporization, and is the gas constant.
Evaporation rate increases with temperature, surface area, and low humidity, and decreases with high pressure.